Inbound emails with QR code URLs

Hunt Hypothesis

Inbound emails containing QR code URLs may indicate an adversary attempting to deliver malicious payloads through encoded links. SOC teams should proactively hunt for this behavior in Azure Sentinel to identify potential phishing or credential theft campaigns leveraging QR codes for obfuscation.

KQL Query

EmailEvents
| where Timestamp > ago(30d)
| where EmailDirection == "Inbound"
| join EmailUrlInfo on NetworkMessageId
| where UrlLocation == "QRCode"
| summarize dcount(NetworkMessageId) by bin(Timestamp, 1d)
| render timechart

Analytic Rule Definition

id: f6354c94-3a95-4235-8530-414f016a7bf6
name: Inbound emails with QR code URLs
description: |
  In this query, we summarize volume of inbound emails with QR code URLs in last 30 days
description-detailed: |
  In this query, we summarize volume of inbound emails with QR code URLs in last 30 days using Defender for Office 365 data.
  Reference - https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-defender-for-office/hunting-and-responding-to-qr-code-based-phishing-attacks-with/ba-p/4074730
requiredDataConnectors:
- connectorId: MicrosoftThreatProtection
  dataTypes:
  - EmailEvents
  - EmailUrlInfo
tactics:
  - InitialAccess
relevantTechniques:
  - T1566
query: |
  EmailEvents
  | where Timestamp > ago(30d)
  | where EmailDirection == "Inbound"
  | join EmailUrlInfo on NetworkMessageId
  | where UrlLocation == "QRCode"
  | summarize dcount(NetworkMessageId) by bin(Timestamp, 1d)
  | render timechart
version: 1.0.0 

Required Data Sources

MITRE ATT&CK Context

• Tactic: InitialAccess
• Technique: T1566 — T1566

References

• [Source Query](https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/main/Hunting Queries/Microsoft 365 Defender/Email and Collaboration Queries/QR code/Inbound emails with QR code URLs.yaml)

False Positive Guidance

• Scenario: Automated QR Code Generation for Internal Documentation
  Description: A tool like Microsoft Power Automate or Zapier is used to generate QR codes for internal documentation links, which are then embedded in emails sent by the ServiceNow or Jira system.
  Filter/Exclusion: Exclude emails sent by known internal tools (e.g., sender = "[email protected]" or sender = "[email protected]").

• Scenario: Scheduled Job for QR Code Distribution
  Description: A scheduled job in AWS Lambda or Azure Functions generates QR codes for a list of URLs and sends them via SendGrid or Amazon SES to internal users.
  Filter/Exclusion: Exclude emails with a specific subject line (e.g., Subject contains "QR Code Distribution"), or filter by email sender (e.g., sender = "[email protected]").

• Scenario: QR Code Used in Marketing Campaigns
  Description: Marketing teams use HubSpot or Salesforce Marketing Cloud to send emails with QR codes linking to landing pages or promotional content.
  Filter/Exclusion: Exclude emails from the marketing department (e.g., sender = "[email protected]" or sender contains "campaigns").

• Scenario: QR Code Embedded in Internal Support Tickets
  Description: Support teams use Zendesk or Freshdesk to send emails with QR codes linking to internal support portals or knowledge base articles.
  Filter/Exclusion: Exclude emails sent by [email protected] or [email protected], or filter by email subject (e.g., Subject contains "Support Ticket QR Code").

• Scenario: QR Code Used for Internal Training Materials